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Eastern New England English, historically known as the Yankee dialect since at least the nineteenth century,〔Sletcher, Michael (2004). New England. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 264〕 is a dialect of New England English native to Maine, New Hampshire, and the eastern half of Massachusetts;〔Stanford et al. (2012: 130)〕 in the mid-twentieth century and before, this also encompassed eastern Vermont.〔Stanford et al. (2012: 161)〕 Whether or not the Eastern New England dialect formally encompasses Rhode Island is debated in the academic research.〔See, for example, that Labov's 2006 Atlas of North American English frequently includes Providence/Rhode Island under this general dialect, yet his 1997 (Regional Telsur Map ) does not.〕 Eastern New England English (here, including Rhode Island English) is historically associated with sound patterns such as non-rhoticity (or ''r''-dropping after a vowel); both variants of Canadian raising; fairly back starting positions of the vowels (as in ''goose'') and (as in ''town''); and no all-encompassing Mary–marry–merry merger.〔Stanford et al. (2012: 154)〕 Some younger Eastern New England speakers have been reported to perceive some of these traditional features as sounding rural or old-fashioned,〔Stanford et al. (2012: 160-1)〕 and, therefore, they may intentionally avoid certain sounds, especially non-rhoticity.〔Stanford et al. (2014: 120)〕 The New England dialect is based primarily on the East Anglian English, and so the dialects share many features, include the dropping of post-vocalic ''r'' sounds. ==Overview of phonology== The sound system of traditional Eastern New England English includes: *Non-rhoticity: The ''r'' sound is variably "dropped" or "silent" whenever not before a vowel; therefore, in words like ''car'', ''letter'', ''horse'', ''poor'', etc. * *Linking and intrusive ''r'': The non-rhotic ''r'' may be pronounced after all if it is followed by a vowel, even a vowel that begins the next word in the sentence. Also, any word that ends in /ə/ (as in ''Cuba''), /ɑː/ (as in ''spa''), or /ɔː/ (as in ''law'') can be followed by an unwritten ''r'' sound when followed by a vowel sound in the next word: thus, ''law and public safety'' sounds like ''Lauren public safety''. *Fronting of : The vowel of words like ''car'', ''park'', ''heart'', ''stark'', etc. is pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than in most other dialects, so that ''car'', for example, is something like . This, plus non-rhoticity, is often associated with the shibboleth "Park the car in Harvard yard." This fronting is seldom reported in Rhode Island, in which ''car'' is more often . *Backing of : The vowel of ''goose'', ''rude'', ''coup'', etc. remains pronounced relatively far back in the mouth. *Horse–hoarse merger in transition: The vowel of words like ''war'' versus ''wore'', or ''morning'' versus ''mourning'', are mostly produced either very close or the same in Eastern New England; however, as of the early 2000s, such vowels may still be pronounced differently by some Eastern New England speakers, especially in Maine. Conversely, the merger of these vowels is largely complete elsewhere in the United States. *Full Canadian raising: The tongue is raised in the first element of the gliding vowel as well as whenever either appears before a voiceless consonant. Therefore, a word like ''house'' is often . *Backing of : The vowel of ''gouge'', ''loud'', ''town'', ''power'', etc. has a relatively back-of-mouth starting position: thus, something like . *Lack of Mary–marry–merry merger: The sounds , , and , for example, in the words ''Mary'', ''marry'', and ''merry'', are pronounced each with distinct vowels. However, recent studies have shown that there is an emerging tendency in Northeastern New England to merge them to some extent, as is the case in much of the United States. In contrast, Southeastern New England (namely, Rhode Island) continues to keep them all separate, as in the New York City area and Britain. *"Short ''a''" nasal system: The "short ''a''" sound may be tensed in various environments, though most severely before a nasal consonant; therefore, in words like ''man'', ''clam'', ''Annie'', etc. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eastern New England English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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